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Case Study Research by Robert Yin (2003)
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This is a book summary of the seminal book on conducting Case Study based research. The book covers essential topics, such as case-study protocol, essence of single versus multiple cases, and other very useful tips of conducting this very useful research method.
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- 1. R O B E R T K Y I N ( 2 0 0 3 ) Case study research: Design and Methods (3e)
- 2. Table of content 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 2 Introduction Designing the case study Conducting case study: Preparing for data collection Conducting case study: Collecting the evidence Analyzing case study evidence Reporting case studies
- 3. Introduction (1/2) Reasons for traditional prejudice against case studies Lack of rigor while performing research Confused case study teaching with case study research Concerns over generalizability They are too long, and results are massive, unreadable documents Data collection procedures are not routinized Case study purposes (not mutually exclusive) Explanatory Exploratory Descriptive The case study inquiry Copes with technically distinctive situations, with many more variables of interest than data points Relies on multiple sources of evidence Benefits from prior development of theoretical propositions A case study research shouldn’t be confused with ‘qualitative research’. Case studies are based on any mix of qualitative and quantitative evidence 4/26/2014 3 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 4. Introduction (2/2) Purpose of case studies Explain the causal link Describe an intervention Illustrate certain topics within an evolution Explore situations where invention has no single output Meta-evaluation (study of evaluation study) Case studies are preferred strategy when: ‘How’ or ‘why’ questions are being posed, The investigator has little control over events When the focus is on contemporary phenomenon within some real- life context 4/26/2014 4 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 5. Relevant solutions for different research strategies Strategy Forms of research quesiton Requires control of behavior events? Focuses on contemporary events? Experiments How. Why Yes Yes Survey Who. What. Where. How many. How much. No Yes Archival analysis Who. What. Where. How many. How much No Yes/ no History How. Why. No No Case study How. Why No Yes The essence of a case study, the central tendency among all types of case study, is that it tries to illuminate a decision or set of decisions; why they were taken; how there were implemented; and with what results. (Schramm, 1971) A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real- life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin, 1981) 4/26/2014 5 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 6. Designing case studies Research design is a logical plan for getting from initial set of questions to be answered to set of conclusions Components A study’s question Its propositions (purpose in the case of exploratory case) Its unit of analysis The logic linking the data to propositions (through pattern- matching) Criteria for interpreting the findings Case studies are unsuitable to study the prevalence of a phenomenon, as done in statistical sampling Necessary conditions Construct validity Internal validity External validity Reliability Role of theory Essential to construct a preliminary theory (unlike in ethnography and grounded theory) Requires theoretical propositions (even for exploratory research) Helps generalize from case study to theory Analytical generalization and not statistical generalization 4/26/2014 6 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 7. Design parameters Tests Definition Case study tactic Relevant phase of research Construct validity Correct operational measure for concepts Use multiple sources of evidence Establish chain of events Have key informants review draft case study report Data collection Data collection Composition Internal validity Establishing a non- spurious causal relationship (only for explanatory ) Do pattern matching Do explanation building Address rival explanation Use logic models Data collection Data collection Data collection Data collection External validity Establishing the domain for generalization Use theory in single case studies Use replication logic in multiple case studies Research design Research design Reliability Repeatability of operations of the case study Use case study protocol Develop case study database Data collection Data collection 4/26/2014 7 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 8. Case study design (1/2) Rationale for single- case study design Represents a critical case in testing a well formulated theory Represents a extreme case or a unique circumstances Representative or a typical case (representative of experience of a large institution) Revelatory case (previously inaccessible to scientific community) Longitudinal case (how certain conditions change over time) Types of single-case design, based upon unit of analysis Embedded design (multiple units of analysis) Holistic design (single unit of analysis) Multiple- case study Replication, not sampling logic Literal replication (predicts similar results) Theoretical replication (predicts contrasting results but for predictable reasons) Replication is based on a rich theoretical framework. 4/26/2014 8 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 9. Case study design (2/2) Generally multiple- case study preferred over single- case study, for these offer robust analytical conclusions (increases external validity) Multiple- case study design When external conditions are not thought to produce much variance in the phenomenon being studied, a smaller number of theoretical replication is needed. If you use a single-case design, prepare to make strong argument in justifying choices for the case. Heuristics for replication Settle for two or three replications when the rival theories are grossly different and issues at hand doesn’t demand an excessive degree of certainly If rivals are subtly different, and if high degree of certainly is desired, go for five to six replications. 4/26/2014 9 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 10. Preparing for data collection Skills required for case study research Ask good questions Good listener Adaptive and flexible (not at the cost of rigor) Have a firm grasp on issues being studied Be unbiased by preconceived notions (being open to contrary) Training requirements Why the study is being done What evidence is being sought What variations can be anticipated What could constitute supportive or contrary evidence for any given proposition 4/26/2014 10 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 11. Training session agenda I. Purpose of the case studies and research questions II. Review of case study nominations and of nomination procedures III. Schedule for doing case studies I. Preparation period II. Arrangement of site visit III. Conduct of site visit IV. Follow- up activities V. Preparation of case study report VI. Submission of draft report to site for review IV. Review of case study protocol IV. Discussion of relevant theoretical framework and literature V. Development or review of hypothetical logic model, if relevant VI. In- depth discussion of protocol topics V. Outline of case study report VI. Methodological remainders IV. Fieldwork procedure V. Use of evidence VI. Note taking and other field practices VII. Other orienting topics VII. Reading materials IV. Sample case study reports V. Key substantive books and articles 4/26/2014 11 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 12. Case study protocol Protocol is a standardized agenda for the investigator’s line of inquiry for a single case Overview of the case study project Background information Substantive issues to be investigated Relevant readings about the issue Introduction to the case study and purpose of protocol Case study questions, hypothesis, and propositions Theoretical framework for the case study (reproduces the logical model) Data collection procedures Name of the site to be visited, including contact persons Data collection plan Expected preparation prior to the site visits Case study questions Level 1: questions asked for specific interviewees Level 2: questions asked for the individual case Level 3: questions asked of the pattern of findings across multiple cases Level 4: questions asked for an entire study Level 5: normative questions about policy recommendation and conclusions Level 2 questions are more important then any, at the planning stage Outline of the case study report Importance of proper documentation 4/26/2014 12 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 13. Data collection sources Individual behavior Individual attitudes Individual perceptions Archival records Other reporters behavior, attitudes, and perceptions How organizations work Why organizations work Personal policies Organizational outcomes About an individual About an organization From an individual From an organization Study conclusion If case study is an individual If case study is an organization Questions pertaining to unit of data are different from the unit of analysis of the entire case. 4/26/2014 13 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 14. Pilot case study Why pilot case study Inquiry in the case is both broad and less focused Help refine data collection plans Pilot test is not a pretest Convenience, access and geography are main criteria for selecting pilot case Pilot case report must highlight the lessons learnt from research design and field procedures. 4/26/2014 14 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 15. Conducting the case studies: Collecting the evidence Sources of data/ evidence Documents Archival records Interviews Direct observation Participant- observation Physical artifacts Principles of data collection Using multiple sources of evidence (triangulation to develop converging lines of inquiry. Strengthens construct validity) Creating a case study database Maintaining a chain of evidence 4/26/2014 15 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 16. Sources of evidence- Documentation Forms Strengths Weaknesses Letters, memoranda, communications, agendas, announcements, minutes of meetings, written reports on events, administrative documents (proposals, progress reports, internal records), formal studies, newspaper clippings Stable- can be reviewed repeatedly Unobtrusive- not created as a result of the case study Exact- contains exact names, references, and details of an event Broad coverage- long span of time, many events, and many settings Retrievability- can be low Biased selectively, if collection is incomplete Reporting bias- reflects bias of authors Access- may be deliberately blocked 4/26/2014 16 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 17. Sources of evidence- Archival records Forms Strengths Weaknesses Service records, organizational records, maps and charts, lists, survey data, and personal records Stable- can be reviewed repeatedly Unobtrusive- not created as a result of the case study Exact- contains exact names, references, and details of an event Broad coverage- long span of time, many events, and many settings Precise and quantitative Retrievability- can be low Biased selectively, if collection is incomplete Reporting bias- reflects bias of authors Access- may be deliberately blocked Accessibility due to privacy reasons 4/26/2014 17 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 18. Sources of evidence- Interviews Forms Strengths Weaknesses Guided conversations, instead of structured queries. Important to 1) follow your own line of inquiry, as reflected by the case protocol; 2) to ask actual conversational questions in an unbiased manner. Open ended questions (espousing facts and opinions). Could even be a focused, short interview. Surveys. Targeted- focused directly on the case study topic Insightful- provides perceived causal inferences Bias due to poorly constructed questions Response bias Inaccuracies due to poor recall Reflexivity- interviewee gives what interviewer wants to hear 4/26/2014 18 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 19. Sources of evidence- Direct observations Forms Strengths Weaknesses Behavior or environmental conditions worth observing at a site. Ranges from formal to casual data collection activities. Have more than a single observer. Reality- covers information in the real time Contextual- covers context of the event Time consuming Selectivity- unless broad coverage Reflexivity- event may proceed differently because it is being observed Cost- hours needed by human observation 4/26/2014 19 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 20. Sources of evidence- Participant observation Forms Strengths Weaknesses You may assume a variety of roles within a case study situation and may actually participate in the events being studied. Usually used in anthropological studies Reality- covers information in the real time Contextual- covers context of the event Insightful into personal behaviors and motives Time consuming Selectivity- unless broad coverage Reflexivity- event may proceed differently because it is being observed Cost- hours needed by human observation Bias due to investigators’ manipulation of events 4/26/2014 20 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 21. Sources of evidence- Physical artifacts Forms Strengths Weaknesses A technological device, a tool or instrument, a work of art, or some other physical evidence Insightful into cultural features Insightful into technical operations Selectivity Availability 4/26/2014 21 Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore)
- 22. Principles of data collection 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 22 1. Use multiple evidence Triangulation types (Patton, 1987) Of data sources (data triangulation) Among different evaluators (investigators triangulation) Of perspectives to the same data set (theory triangulation) Of methods (methodological triangulation) 2. Create a case study database Organizing and documenting the data collected Two collections The data or evidence base The report of the investigator, whether in article, report or book format Uses notes, documents, tabular material, and narratives 3. Maintain a chain of evidence Increases reliability External observer should be able to trace the steps in either direction Report should make sufficient citations to relevant portions Revel actual evidence and circumstances Consistency with protocol
- 23. Analyzing case study evidence 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 23 Steps of analysis Examining Categorizing Tabulating Creating a data display Testing Combining qualitative and quantitative evidence to address initial propositions Techniques for analysis Pattern matching Explanation building Time- series analysis Logic model Cross- case synthesis A good analysis should Attend to all the evidence (including the rival hypothesis) Must address all major rival interpretations Address most significant part of your case study Use your own prior expert knowledge
- 24. Generic strategies explained 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 24 Thinking about rival explanations Craft rivals The null hypothesis Threats to validity Investigator’s bias Real- life rivals Direct rival Commingled rival Implementation rival Rival theory Super rival Societal rival Relying on theoretical propositions Theoretical orientation guiding analysis Developing a case description Especially for descriptive case study
- 25. Specific analytical techniques (1/2) 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 25 Pattern matching Compares an empirically based pattern with a predicted one to strengthen internal validity Non- equivalent dependent variable as a pattern Rival explanations as patterns Simpler patterns Explanation building Relevant to explanatory case studies Iterative nature of explanation building Risk of drifting away from the original topic of interest
- 26. Specific analytical techniques (2/2) 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 26 Time- series analysis Only a single dependent and independent variable Detailed and precise tracing of events Trend matching with stated propositions, rival trends, or trends based upon artifacts Chronologies to investigate presumed causal events Interruption in time series as a potential causal relationship Logic models Stipulates a complex chain of events over time Staged in repeated cause- effect relationship Analysis can also entertain rival chains of events, and spurious external events Could be individual level or organizational level logic model Cross- case synthesis Pattern matching using word tables
- 27. Reporting case studies 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 27 Key elements Targeting case study reports Case study reports as part of the larger multi-method studies Illustrative structures for case study compositions Procedures to be followed in doing a case study report And, in conclusion, speculations on the characteristics of an exemplary case study Formats of case study report Classic single narrative, suitable for a book and not journal Multiple-case version with narratives, including cross- case analysis and results Presented in short question- answer formats, without narratives Entire report dedicated to cross- case analysis, descriptive or explanatory
- 28. Structures of reporting the case study 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 28 Type of structure Approach Explan atory Descri ptive Explo ratory Linear-analytic Issue/ problem literature review methods findings conclusion implications X X X Comparative Repeats the same case-study two or more times comparing alternative descriptions or explanations X X X Chronological Present case study evidence in chronological order. Best practice is to draft the case study backwards. X X X Theory building Chapters follow theory building logic. X X Suspense Inverts the linear-analytic structure . Explaining the conclusions in chapters. X Unsequenced Sequence of chapters of no specific importance. X
- 29. Procedure in doing a case study report 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 29 When and how to start composing Bibliography and methodology section must be started Followed by descriptive data about the case being studied Case identities: real or anonymous Full disclosure is the most desirable option, helping reader link in previous research, and helps ease of review The review of the draft case study: The validating procedure Draft reviewed by peers, informants, and participants of the case
- 30. What makes an exemplary case study? 4/26/2014Prepared by Pavan Soni (IIM Bangalore) 30 The case study must be significant The case study must be ‘complete’ (setting of clear boundaries; collection of all the evidences; absence of certain artifactual conditions) Must consider alternative perspectives Must display sufficient evidence (presented neutrally with supporting and challenging data) Composed in an engaging manner (engagement, enticement, and seduction)
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Introduction and Background of the case study
GOOD BOOK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE LOGICAL VIEWS OF CASE STUDY
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Robert K. Yin is President of COSMOS Corporation, an applied research and social science firm. Over the years, COSMOS has successfully completed hundreds of projects for federal agencies, state and local agencies, and private foundations, and most of this book’s applications come from these projects.Outside of COSMOS, Dr. Yin has assisted numerous other research groups, helping to train their field teams or to design research studies. A recent engagement has been with the United Nations Development Programme, and another assignment has been to provide guidance to assist doctoral students at the University of Copenhagen. Currently, Dr. Yin holds the position of distinguished scholar-in-residence at American University’s School of International Service (Washington, DC). Earlier, he served as Visiting Scholar at the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s research methodology division.Dr. Yin has authored nearly 100 journal articles and books. His first book on the case study method, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2014) is in its fifth edition. He has edited two case study anthologies (Yin, 2004; and 2005) and has most recently authored a new text on qualitative research methods (Yin, 2011). Dr. Yin received his B.A. in history from Harvard College (magna cum laude) and his Ph.D. in brain and cognitive sciences from M.I.T.
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IFIP International Conference on Digital Forensics
DigitalForensics 2015: Advances in Digital Forensics XI pp 45–59 Cite as
USING YIN’S APPROACH TO CASE STUDIES AS A PARADIGM FOR CONDUCTING EXAMINATIONS
- Oluwasayo Oyelami 17 &
- Martin Olivier 17
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Part of the IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology book series (IFIPAICT,volume 462)
At the heart of any forensic science discipline is the need to ensure that a method applied in the discipline is based on a factual foundation or valid scientific method. In digital forensics, the aim of an examination is to make consistent inferences about events with high certainty. The highest state of inference is a determination of causality. Two scientific methods that can be applied in digital forensic examinations to determine causality are experimentation and case studies. Experimentation has been used in a range of scientific studies, but there are situations where it is not always possible to conduct experiments. In these cases, the only option is to carry out case studies. A case study approach is not widely used in the natural sciences, but it has been accepted as a valid method that can produce insightful results in digital forensic examinations. This chapter focuses on conducting digital evidence examinations using Yin’s approach to case studies as a paradigm. The goal is to show that Yin’s case study approach can be applied suitably and that it is useful in digital forensic settings.
- Digital forensic science
- digital evidence
- examination
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Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Oluwasayo Oyelami & Martin Olivier
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Oyelami, O., Olivier, M. (2015). USING YIN’S APPROACH TO CASE STUDIES AS A PARADIGM FOR CONDUCTING EXAMINATIONS. In: Peterson, G., Shenoi, S. (eds) Advances in Digital Forensics XI. DigitalForensics 2015. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 462. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24123-4_3
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24123-4_3
Published : 20 November 2015
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Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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study. When is a case study useful: Main research questions are "how" or "why" questions . Researcher has little or no control over behavioral events (in contrast to a formal experiment) Focus of study is contemporary, not historical . Study requires extensive and in-depth description of a social phenomenon . Case study typology ...
Robert K. Yin. (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 282 pages. Authors: Trista Hollweck University of Ottawa Content uploaded by Trista Hollweck...
data, or even minimize the problems of composing the case study report" (Yin, 2002, p.3). Having noticed the paucity of available resources for case study researchers, Merriam, like Yin, had the purpose of contributing to the case study literature which "still lags behind [literature on] other types" of research (Merriam, 1998, p. 19).
According to Yin (2003) a case study design should be considered when: (a) the focus of the study is to answer "how" and "why" questions; (b) you cannot manipulate the behaviour of those involved in the study; (c) you want to cover contextual conditions because you believe they are relevant
Case studies can be described as a qualitative approach highly iterative and tightly linked to data, which is appropriate in new topic areas where qualitative evaluations are preferred (or the...
According to Yin (2017), the case study is a research strategy that comprises a method that encompasses specific approaches to data collection and analysis. A frequent criticism associated with case studies is their validity and reliability (Riege, 2003; Street & Ward, 2012). The trustworthiness in a case
A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. (Yin, 2003, p. 13) A case study is a problem to be studied, which will reveal an in-depth understanding of a "case"
Yin (1989) has identified some specific types of case study research: exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive. Stake (1995) identified three others: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Or according to Zainal (2007), other categories include interpretive and evaluative case studies.
Case Study Research by Robert Yin (2003) Upload 1 of 30 Case Study Research by Robert Yin (2003) Apr. 26, 2014 • 151 likes • 141,736 views Download Now Download to read offline Business Technology This is a book summary of the seminal book on conducting Case Study based research.
Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fourth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text Case Study Research offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use...
According to Yin (1994) the case study design must have five components: the research question(s), its propositions, its unit(s) of analysis, a determination of how the data are linked to the propositions and criteria to interpret the findings. Yin concluded that operationally defining the unit of analysis assists
A case study approach is not widely used in the natural sciences, but it has been accepted as a valid method that can produce insightful results in digital forensic examinations. This chapter focuses on conducting digital evidence examinations using Yin's approach to case studies as a paradigm.
According to Yin, to conduct a case study, you first contemplate the topic you feel inspired to study—such as an intriguing disorder, initiative, community, or event—and then consider the questions you want to answer. Yin distinguishes several kinds of questions, as delineated in the following table. ...
Yin begins the fourth edition of his 6 chapter book by explaining that case study research is a "linear, but iterative process." This statement is supported by a visual which is displayed on the first page of each chapter. Each chapter contains one step in the linear process of case design (planning, designing, preparing, collecting, analyzing, and sharing) as well as it highlights how ...